Another important achievement by Gutenberg and his team is the development of a special ink. In the beginning, they printed almost exclusively in black. Although Gutenberg was already experimenting with red printing, two printing passes were necessary and he quickly rejected these time-consuming attempts. The normal water-based ink used for writing was not suitable for letterpress printing because it adhered poorly to the metal type and appeared pale and brown after printing in the press. In art, only a few years before Gutenberg’s invention, people had begun to use oil instead of egg as a binder, and printers now also used this technique to produce oil-based ink. Gutenberg experimented with various combinations of the components turpentine, linseed oil, walnut oil, pitch, lampblack and resin until he found the right mixture for the still radiant black of the letters in his prints.

With the ink, the finished type is inked in the last step before printing with the so-called ink balls (or dabber). These consist of pieces of leather filled with wool or horse hair (sheep, calf or dog leather) and a wooden handle. The person responsible for inking usually uses two ink balls simultaneously. He holds a ball in each hand, takes up ink with them and rubs them against each other to distribute the ink evenly. Finally, he applies the ink to the type with circular movements.

In the 6th and final part of our series “Gutenberg’s Inventions” you can find out how printing in the printing press works in the final step.

Julia Bangert holds a Ph.D. in Book Studies and is an artist. In 2019, her dissertation was published under the title 'Book Trade System and Knowledge Space in the Early Modern Period.' She works freelance as a book painter and illustrator. Her signature style features the finest use of color and an elegant brushstroke, with perfect gold leafing as her passion.

One of her ongoing projects is the illumination of Bible pages, which can be purchased in the shop at the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz.

Interview with Malte Seifert, Director Metals & Autonomous Technologies, about XPONENTIAL Europe 2025

From February 18 to 20, 2025, Messe Düsseldorf will host XPONENTIAL Europe for the first time. As a global meeting point for uncrewed systems, mobility and robotics, it stands at the forefront of autonomous technologies. We spoke with Malte Seifert, Director Metals & Autonomous Technologies, about the background, challenges and opportunities of this event.